I'm an Associate Professor of Philosophy at Western Michigan University. I received my PhD in philosophy from Princeton in 2014, under the supervision of Delia Graff Fara and Gideon Rosen. My research falls within three main areas: the philosophy of mind, social and political philosophy, and the philosophy of language.
I'm currently working on a book of philosophical essays on grief. The book aims to set a humanistic agenda for the study of grief that is guided by the first-hand 'observation' of grief.
I'm also developing several projects on the theme of the "art of grief." The first project examines the role of lament (and traditions of lament) at the foundations of a variety of art forms, including modern dance. This work aims to challenge the sharp division between grief as emotion ('grief') and grief as performance ('mourning'). The second project addresses a variety of philosophical questions surrounding first-person authority in first-hand observations of grief (a relatively recent literary genre). E.g., what, if anything, distinguishes the art of memoir from the observation of grief and how can these observations offer guidance if, for example, their authors make no claim to describe representative experiences? The last (collaborative) project focuses on grief in the late plays of Eugene O'Neill and examines their puzzling references to the "misbegotten" and living dead.
I'm currently working on a book of philosophical essays on grief. The book aims to set a humanistic agenda for the study of grief that is guided by the first-hand 'observation' of grief.
I'm also developing several projects on the theme of the "art of grief." The first project examines the role of lament (and traditions of lament) at the foundations of a variety of art forms, including modern dance. This work aims to challenge the sharp division between grief as emotion ('grief') and grief as performance ('mourning'). The second project addresses a variety of philosophical questions surrounding first-person authority in first-hand observations of grief (a relatively recent literary genre). E.g., what, if anything, distinguishes the art of memoir from the observation of grief and how can these observations offer guidance if, for example, their authors make no claim to describe representative experiences? The last (collaborative) project focuses on grief in the late plays of Eugene O'Neill and examines their puzzling references to the "misbegotten" and living dead.
Selected Papers
Empathy for the Dead (Philosopher's Imprint, forthcoming)
This paper argues that profound grief stems largely from our empathy for the dead. The Epicureans defended a version of this idea in claiming that the misery of grief is the product of imagining ourselves in the place of the dead and, from there, seeming to gain insight both into the harmfulness of death and the obligations of the living to the dead--including the obligation to keep this misery alive. This tradition inaugurated a suspicion of this kind of empathy, which was understood to involve a troubling confusion of self and other. Against this tradition and the influential account of empathy developed by one of its main proponents, Adam Smith, I argue that empathy for the dead does involve a confusion of self and other but not one that requires correction. This empathy should be seen alongside other ethically transformative confusions of self and other--the sort required, for example, to love one's neighbor as oneself.
This paper argues that profound grief stems largely from our empathy for the dead. The Epicureans defended a version of this idea in claiming that the misery of grief is the product of imagining ourselves in the place of the dead and, from there, seeming to gain insight both into the harmfulness of death and the obligations of the living to the dead--including the obligation to keep this misery alive. This tradition inaugurated a suspicion of this kind of empathy, which was understood to involve a troubling confusion of self and other. Against this tradition and the influential account of empathy developed by one of its main proponents, Adam Smith, I argue that empathy for the dead does involve a confusion of self and other but not one that requires correction. This empathy should be seen alongside other ethically transformative confusions of self and other--the sort required, for example, to love one's neighbor as oneself.
Race and the Politics of Loss: Revisiting the Legacy of Emmett Till (Ergo, 2022)
This paper explores the idea that mourning can help us to bear not only personal but also political losses. It focuses, in particular, on the proposal that legacies of racial loss and violence should be collectively mourned. I argue that Mamie Till Mobley was developing such a proposal in 1955, the year her son Emmett Till was lynched and in which she brought his body before all Americans, calling on them to look at it so that they might, together, say what they had seen. Mobley's proposal challenges what I take to be the leading rival position on the relationship of grief to political life, namely, that it is, at best, a catalyst for the achievement of political ends. But as I argue, Mobley's proposal also raises challenges for present-day efforts to articulate a politics of loss, which are quick to assume either that such losses cannot be mourned collectively or that they have always been ours to mourn together. I will argue that these efforts have failed to take into account the insight behind Mobley's invitation. My aim, in clarifying its significance, is to expand philosophical inquiry into the relationship between the emotions and political life and, more specifically, to contribute to an evaluation of the prospects for a mournful politics.
This paper explores the idea that mourning can help us to bear not only personal but also political losses. It focuses, in particular, on the proposal that legacies of racial loss and violence should be collectively mourned. I argue that Mamie Till Mobley was developing such a proposal in 1955, the year her son Emmett Till was lynched and in which she brought his body before all Americans, calling on them to look at it so that they might, together, say what they had seen. Mobley's proposal challenges what I take to be the leading rival position on the relationship of grief to political life, namely, that it is, at best, a catalyst for the achievement of political ends. But as I argue, Mobley's proposal also raises challenges for present-day efforts to articulate a politics of loss, which are quick to assume either that such losses cannot be mourned collectively or that they have always been ours to mourn together. I will argue that these efforts have failed to take into account the insight behind Mobley's invitation. My aim, in clarifying its significance, is to expand philosophical inquiry into the relationship between the emotions and political life and, more specifically, to contribute to an evaluation of the prospects for a mournful politics.
On Grief's Wandering Thought: A Philosophical Exploration (Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, 2021)
This paper challenges an orthodoxy in recent philosophical discussions of grief, namely, that grief is essentially tied to the thought that a person of significance to oneself has died. As first-person reports make clear, one can find oneself cut off from the significant other not simply in body but also in thought. This is not, moreover, an isolated difficulty, but one that may have repercussions for one's capacity to form an outlook on the social world, the natural world, and the world viewed from one's own scheme of ends. Taking C. S. Lewis's diary of grief as a guide, I argue that our capacity to think of our significant others depends, surprisingly enough, on our capacity to acknowledge their independence from us even in death.
This paper challenges an orthodoxy in recent philosophical discussions of grief, namely, that grief is essentially tied to the thought that a person of significance to oneself has died. As first-person reports make clear, one can find oneself cut off from the significant other not simply in body but also in thought. This is not, moreover, an isolated difficulty, but one that may have repercussions for one's capacity to form an outlook on the social world, the natural world, and the world viewed from one's own scheme of ends. Taking C. S. Lewis's diary of grief as a guide, I argue that our capacity to think of our significant others depends, surprisingly enough, on our capacity to acknowledge their independence from us even in death.
On Grief's Sweet Sorrow (European Journal of Philosophy, 2021)
This paper draws attention to a neglected aspect of grief: its "sweet" sorrow. This sorrow presents us with a formidable challenge, namely, to explain how what is bitter--the misery of loss--can be found to be sweet. Those drawn into this sorrow suspect that it is somehow too sweet. Are their suspicions well founded? Why is it and it alone sweet to those who delight in it and why is it not just sweet but companion-like and even dear? Guided by the observations of St. Augustine and C. S. Lewis, I propose that this sorrow is a form of self-pity that displaces the significant other from the center of one's concern and affords an enhanced intimacy with oneself. The proposal vindicates the impression that one finds in this sorrow a companion that can take the place of the significant other and also positions us to address one of the most fundamental questions that might be raised in connection with grief, namely whether the one who has died is a proper object of concern or whether our grief is ultimately for ourselves, for a loss that is ours and ours alone.
This paper draws attention to a neglected aspect of grief: its "sweet" sorrow. This sorrow presents us with a formidable challenge, namely, to explain how what is bitter--the misery of loss--can be found to be sweet. Those drawn into this sorrow suspect that it is somehow too sweet. Are their suspicions well founded? Why is it and it alone sweet to those who delight in it and why is it not just sweet but companion-like and even dear? Guided by the observations of St. Augustine and C. S. Lewis, I propose that this sorrow is a form of self-pity that displaces the significant other from the center of one's concern and affords an enhanced intimacy with oneself. The proposal vindicates the impression that one finds in this sorrow a companion that can take the place of the significant other and also positions us to address one of the most fundamental questions that might be raised in connection with grief, namely whether the one who has died is a proper object of concern or whether our grief is ultimately for ourselves, for a loss that is ours and ours alone.
Love and Death in Democracy (Contemporary Political Theory, 2020)
This essay is my contribution to a critical exchange of ideas with David McIvor, Athena Athanasiou, Juliet Hooker, and George Shulman. In it, I trace one influential line of argument in support of the claim that the capacity to mourn is required of democratic subjects. This line of thought is rooted in the assumption that sacrifice lies at the heart of democracy. It conceives of the democratic subject as a nearly powerless sovereign who must continually relinquish the desire to rule alone. I argue that this conception of the democratic subject and, correspondingly, of the nature of democratic sacrifice (i) obscures the basic fairness of the democratic arrangement; (ii) raises the worry that a discipline for loss would not only be difficult to acquire but intolerable; (iii) offers a dubious foundation for the claim that legacies of racial loss are collective losses (and, therefore, losses that we are to mourn collectively); and (iv) through associating democratic sacrifice and self-mastery with an internal struggle in the depths of the human heart, raises the worry that this sacrifice would promote suspicion (concerning one’s intentions, say) rather than trust, which the acknowledgment of sacrifice is supposed to promote on this line of thought.
This essay is my contribution to a critical exchange of ideas with David McIvor, Athena Athanasiou, Juliet Hooker, and George Shulman. In it, I trace one influential line of argument in support of the claim that the capacity to mourn is required of democratic subjects. This line of thought is rooted in the assumption that sacrifice lies at the heart of democracy. It conceives of the democratic subject as a nearly powerless sovereign who must continually relinquish the desire to rule alone. I argue that this conception of the democratic subject and, correspondingly, of the nature of democratic sacrifice (i) obscures the basic fairness of the democratic arrangement; (ii) raises the worry that a discipline for loss would not only be difficult to acquire but intolerable; (iii) offers a dubious foundation for the claim that legacies of racial loss are collective losses (and, therefore, losses that we are to mourn collectively); and (iv) through associating democratic sacrifice and self-mastery with an internal struggle in the depths of the human heart, raises the worry that this sacrifice would promote suspicion (concerning one’s intentions, say) rather than trust, which the acknowledgment of sacrifice is supposed to promote on this line of thought.
Black Lives Matter or All Lives Matter? Color-blindness and Epistemic Injustice (Social Epistemology, 2018)
Those who take 'All lives matter' to oppose 'Black lives matter' take the latter to mean something like 'Only black lives matter.' Those who regard this exclusionary construal as mistaken hold the error to be due to an ideology of color-blindness. It has further been argued that the ideologically-motivated suppression of racial discourse has resulted in an epistemic injustice, blinding objectors to the fact that 'Black lives matter' really means 'Black lives matter, too.' I will argue that attempts to make sense of this interpretive response in terms of color-blindness are mistaken. As I will discuss, the interpretive debates surrounding the words 'Black lives matter' are reminiscent of those surrounding 'Black Power,' which unfolded long before color-blindness could be said to have been a prevailing ethos. Critical affirmations such as 'Black Power' and 'Black lives matter' have proved difficult for many interpreters to understand because of the way that they manifest resistance to white supremacy, eschewing both racial exclusion and racial inclusion (the latter fact being masked by inclusive reconstructions such as 'Black lives matter, too'). As I argue, however, the critical function of these statements calls into question the applicability of standard accounts of epistemic injustice.
Those who take 'All lives matter' to oppose 'Black lives matter' take the latter to mean something like 'Only black lives matter.' Those who regard this exclusionary construal as mistaken hold the error to be due to an ideology of color-blindness. It has further been argued that the ideologically-motivated suppression of racial discourse has resulted in an epistemic injustice, blinding objectors to the fact that 'Black lives matter' really means 'Black lives matter, too.' I will argue that attempts to make sense of this interpretive response in terms of color-blindness are mistaken. As I will discuss, the interpretive debates surrounding the words 'Black lives matter' are reminiscent of those surrounding 'Black Power,' which unfolded long before color-blindness could be said to have been a prevailing ethos. Critical affirmations such as 'Black Power' and 'Black lives matter' have proved difficult for many interpreters to understand because of the way that they manifest resistance to white supremacy, eschewing both racial exclusion and racial inclusion (the latter fact being masked by inclusive reconstructions such as 'Black lives matter, too'). As I argue, however, the critical function of these statements calls into question the applicability of standard accounts of epistemic injustice.